Coffee orchard
pruned in accordance to the Beaumont – Fukunaga Vertical
Pruning System using a 3-year rotation. When pruning using the
Beaumont – Fukunaga Style Pruning method, the farmer removes
all of the verticals from trees in every third row.
Throughout the past 175 years,
Kona coffee farmers have tried many innovative techniques in an
effort to successfully grow what many profess to be “the
best coffee in the world!” Pruning is a necessary technique
that is not only required to maintain a healthy tree but keeps
quality and quantity at its highest levels.
Traditionally, coffee trees
in Kona are pruned using a “Kona Style” pruning method,
where each tree supports vertical shoots representing a number
of different years. For instance, a tree may support one-year,
two-year, three-year, and four-year old verticals. In order
to maintain this rotation, the farmer removes the oldest of the
verticals found on the tree in late winter or early spring.
This removal causes the tree to put out a number of shoots below
the cut. The farmer then selects one or more of these new
shoots based on size and location and removes the rest.
The retained shoots become the newest of the verticals that will
bear future coffee.
In the mid 1990’s, the
Kona Coffee Council and the UH Cooperative Extension Service held
a workshop describing a different pruning technique. Instead
of the conventional Kona method described above, this technique
is based on having all the verticals on a tree and in a row be
the same age with each row being a different age. That is,
one row would contain trees with 1-yr-old verticals, another with
2-year olds and a third with 3-yr olds. When looking across
the field, you would see a system of 1-2-3, 1-2-3, etc.
Each year after the coffee is harvested, all 3-year-old verticals
are cut off and the tree can start the following year with all
new verticals. Thus the 3-yr-old rows become the next year’s
1’s, last years 1’s become 2’s and last years 2’s
become 3’s. My initial reaction to this method of pruning
was “WOW, this is the way to prune coffee!” The
coffee trees were all standing nice and straight making it very
easy to move through the rows to spread fertilizer, control ground
cover, pick, and etc. But then I got to thinking; “wait
a minute, I have only been involved in coffee farming less than
ten years. If this is such a great way to prune and grow
coffee, how come everyone isn’t doing this?”
The answer to this question
eluded me for some time but finally I came up with what I considered
might be a likely answer. Many of the local coffee farmers
are from families who have been coffee farming for several generations
and generally speaking, farmers are very traditional people.
“My dad and his dad before him pruned their coffee using
the Kona Style and, since the wheel is not broken so to speak,
this is the way I prune my coffee trees!” To some,
it didn’t seem logical to cut off perfectly healthy and productive
verticals, especially since you wouldn’t be getting any coffee
from that tree the following year.
Using the Beaumont - Fukunaga
style of pruning has brought us one step closer to producing that
ultimate cup of 100% Kona Coffee!
So, is this a radically new
technique being used by only a few farmers in Kona? No,
not really. It turns out this system was developed in the 1940s
and 1950s at the University of Hawaii Kona Agricultural Research
Station in Kainaliu by John Beaumont and Edward T. Fukunaga.
So what is the name of this system? You guessed it. It’s
called the Beaumont-Fukunaga Vertical Pruning System*.
From the beginning records show the system never really became
popular throughout the Kona coffee belt, but it became widely
used in Central and South America. Recently however, a number
of farms in Kona have begun using this system or abbreviated versions
of it. The growth in its popularity is due in part to the
move away from family-worked farms to farms hiring others to do
the pruning and labor.
Now that I have convinced
myself that this was the way to prune coffee, where and how do
I start to implement this system? Our 3.8-acre farm, Lehuula
Farms, is centrally located within the Kona Coffee Belt and has
supported some form of agriculture for thousands of years.
Coffee was first planted here in the early 1900’s but the
farm was abandoned sometime around the beginning of WWII.
It remained in a rather “wild state” until the early
1980’s when a couple bought it with the intention of turning
it back into a working coffee farm. They soon realized this
task was more than they had bargained for and put the property
up for sale in 1984. My wife and I purchased the land in
the spring of 1986 and began the arduous task of finishing the
clearing process.
When we made the decision
to go from the conventional method of pruning to the Beaumont
- Fukunaga method, there were approximately 2,000 coffee trees
on the farm ranging in age from 1 year to 80 + years old.
In many cases rows were non-existent and the first major task
we faced was to establish rows. We did this using a brightly
colored line and a can of marking paint. Once the rows and
the trees within the rows were marked, we removed the extra trees.
Now that we had rows, we were ready to implement the system by
stumping (cutting off at approximately 2’ in height) all
of the trees in every third row. In addition, we planted
numerous young trees (keiki’s) between the existing trees.
Since we were using a 3-year rotation, the task of cutting and
planting continued for the next 2 years. When we finished
after the 3rd year, not only had we converted our farm from a
place where coffee trees haphazardly grew to one where the trees
were in rows but, we now had approximately 4,000 trees.
Based on our experience at
Lehuula Farms, we think there are quite a few reasons why this
is an ideal way to prune and grow coffee.
Sunlight plays a very important
role in the health and stability of a coffee tree. Under
the conventional Kona-style pruning system, young verticals grow
in the shade of at least 3 other more mature verticals.
Because of this, they tend at times to be rather spindly.
When they’re heavy with fruit in their 3rd or 4th years,
they cannot support themselves and the orchard becomes a
jungle of drooping branches! In contrast, older verticals
do not shade verticals grown using the Beaumont- Fukunaga pruning
system and thus most become strong and remain standing when mature.
The farmer saves a lot of time by not having to go around the
farm propping verticals.
Pruning under the conventional
system requires the farmer to pay attention to which vertical
or verticals should be removed. Under the Beaumont - Fukunaga
system, it is a “no brainier” so to speak as you simply
remove all of the verticals from those trees in the appropriate
rows. This type of pruning allows a lot of extra light into
the rows. Since light availability is one of the controlling factors
in determining tree spacing, the trees can now be planted significantly
closer together. On our farm, this equates to twice as many
trees per acre.
Studies demonstrate that
coffee production drops off dramatically on verticals older than
3 years. It therefore makes sense to remove those verticals
and allow them to be replaced with younger ones. The Beaumont
- Fukunaga system actually increases coffee production over time
because, even though you’re pruning away 1/3 of your crop
each year, you have significantly more trees per acre with healthy
and productive verticals.
Shoot selection under the
conventional pruning method requires a visit to each tree on your
farm 3 or more times per year. With the Beaumont - Fukunaga
method, you visit every 3rd, row (only 1/3 of your trees) annually.
When the shoots are approximately 12” tall, you go through
and remove all but the healthiest 6 to 8 shoots paying close attention
not only to size but also position on the stump as well.
About 6 weeks later, you revisit those stumps and remove all but
the final 4 which will become the new fruit bearing verticals.
In the spring, you also have to remove a few shoots from the plants
you pruned the previous year.
Since the pruned trees grow
and remain straight, the rows remain open. This makes tasks
such as picking, ground cover control, and fertilizing much easier.
I also feel this system is healthier for the plant. Coffee is
a heavy producer, and by using the Beaumont - Fukunaga system
of pruning you give the plant a break from producing fruit once
every third year. During the year that you stump, all that
plant has to do is concentrate on growing healthy verticals.
A lot of people grow and
produce Kona Coffee, but there is a difference between doing it
and doing it well. Using the Beaumont - Fukunaga style of
pruning has brought us one step closer to producing that ultimate
cup of 100% Kona Coffee!
* This pruning system actually
has three variations: the four year/four row 1-3-2-4, the three
year/three row 1-2-3, and the five year/five row 1-3-5-2-4.
Bob Nelson, a farm boy from
the mid-west, went to Alaska in the mid-1960's where he attended
the University of Alaska and graduated with a BS degree in Wildlife
Biology. After a successful career as a wildlife biologist with
the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, he and his wife moved
to Hawaii in 1994 and became full time coffee farmers. For more
information about Lehuula Farms and their superb 100% Kona coffee
check out their web site at: www.lehuulafarms.com.
Story published in Coffee
Times Spring/Summer 2004 issue.
